Methods and compositions for direct chemical lysis

ABSTRACT

A direct chemical lysis composition includes an assay compatible buffer composition and an assay compatible surfactant. When combined with a specimen storage composition, such compositions prevent undesired modifications to nucleic acid and proteins lysed from cells in the biological sample. Assays of samples from such compositions do not require expensive and time-consuming steps such as centrifugation and prolonged high temperature processing. The direct chemical lysis composition of the present invention permits direct nucleic acid extraction from the cells in the biological sample without the need to decant off the transport media or otherwise exchange the transport media with assay compatible buffers. There is no need to combine the sample with proteinase K or another enzyme to extract nucleic acids from the cells. A method for lysing cells to obtain target nucleic acid for assay and a kit for combining the direct chemical lysis composition with a sample are also contemplated.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of the filing date of U.S.Provisional Patent Application No. 61/239,553 filed Sep. 3, 2009, thedisclosure of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates generally to methods and compositions forconducting diagnostic testing on preserved biological samples, and, inparticular to performing nucleic acid extraction and amplificationmethods on such preserved samples.

In the fields of medical diagnosis and medical research, samples (e.g.,tissues) are taken from a patient or subject (e.g. a human patient, ahuman subject, an experimental animal model of a human disease) todetermine the condition of the subject in support of the research,determine the current condition of the patient for making a medicaldiagnosis, determine the response of the patient to a current course oftherapy or treatment, etc.

Samples that are obtained for analysis, either for performing medicaldiagnosis or for use in scientific research, are often placed in aspecial transport/preservative medium to keep the sample from degradingor decomposing when removed from the subject. Thus, the sample will asclosely as possible be in the exact condition it was in when removedfrom the subject. This ensures that the sample accurately reflects thestate of the patient or subject at the time of sampling and willtherefore yield the most accurate result in any subsequent studies ofthe sample. Some of these studies will involve nucleic acid (for exampledeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) or ribonucleic acid (RNA)) extraction andamplification.

Extracting DNA and/or RNA from biological samples requires, among othersteps, lysis of the cell wall (in the case of prokaryotic cells), lysisof the cell membrane (in the case of certain eukaryotic cells) or lysisof the viral capsid (in the case of viruses). Subsequent amplificationrequires, in part, the attachment of primers to specific sites withinthe target nucleic acid.

There are a number of protocols available for the extraction andsubsequent amplification of nucleic acid. Some of these protocolsutilize high throughput devices. High throughput devices are automaticin the sense that a sample is placed within the device together withappropriate chemicals and the extraction and amplification steps takeplace without further input from the operator (e.g. Viper™ XTR System byBecton Dickinson® BD ProbeTec Q^(x) Amplified DNA Assay Package Insert,Becton Dickinson 2008). Other protocols utilize less sophisticatedequipment and are typically referred to as manual procedures. However,regardless of the protocol, the need to lyse the cells or viral capsidsin order to release the nucleic acid, the need to attach the nucleicacid to particles such as ferric oxide in order to extract the nucleicacid from the rest of the sample, and the need to attach primers to thetarget nucleic acid in order to amplify the nucleic acid remain.

Transport media (e.g. liquid cytology media) typically contains one ormore constituents that preserve certain cells in one or more ways (e.g.,prevent the breakdown of the cell wall or the cell membrane by celllysis). In addition, some of these constituents serve the dual purposeof preservation and decontamination of the sample. These constituentsare known to interfere with the ability to lyse cell membranes andwalls, the ability for the extracted nucleic acids to attach toparticles utilized in nucleic acid extraction, and the ability toamplify target nucleic acid.

Liquid based cytology compositions such as SurePath® (Tripath Imaging,Inc., N.C.) solution or ThinPrep® PreservCyt® solution (Hologic Inc.,MA), adversely affect the ability to extract amplifiable target nucleicacid from samples exposed thereto. Many reasons have been suggested toexplain this observed adverse effect including: 1) degradation of thenucleic acids by constituents in the media; 2) chemical alteration ofthe nucleic acids by constituents in the media; and 3) inhibition of thecell lysing mechanism in the tissue, which inhibits the release of thenucleic acids for extraction and amplification. In order to avoid theadverse effects of the liquid cytology compositions on extracted DNA,cells are extracted from the compositions prior to lysis. Typically, theextraction requires centrifugation to decant the liquid cytologycomposition from the cells. The cells are then resuspended in a bufferand lysed with an enzyme. Such extra steps are not typically compatiblewith many high throughput automatic devices such as, for example, theaforementioned Viper™ System. Even in situations where automation is notinvolved, such steps are nevertheless time-consuming. The additionaltime required by these steps can delay obtaining the test results and ispreferably avoided.

One example of a media kit for purification of nucleic acids is theQIAamp MinElute Media Kit from Qiagen. This media kit is described inthe QIAmp MinElute Media Handbook dated February, 2004. The QIAampprocedure is described as having 4 steps: lyse, bind, wash and elute. Inthis procedure, the samples are lysed using proteinase K followed bybinding the nucleic acids to the QIAmp MinElute column by absorptiononto the silica-gel lysate. Although the QIAamp procedure is a provenmethod, it is optimized for the purification of only 250 μl of liquidcytology media and is both labor intensive and time consuming (i.e. itrequires steps that includes 65 minutes of different temperatureincubations, 5 centrifugation steps, 2 vacuum filtration steps andseveral mixing steps). The use of such multi-step methods has heretoforebeen required to successfully purify nucleic acids from fixed samplessuch as liquid cytology media and paraffin embedded tissue. It is wellknown that purification of nucleic acids from fixed media is moredifficult than from fresh tissue because the fixatives in the mediaintroduce undesirable chemical modifications of the target molecules inthe sample. The reactions can occur to crosslink or otherwise modifynucleic acids in a sample. Other additives in the transport media canalso cause undesired cross-linking. For example, cross-linking due tothe presence of formalin in the transport media is described in Rai, V.K., et al., “Modeling formalin fixation and antigen retrieval withbovine pancreatic ribonuclease A:I-Structural and functionalalterations,” Lab. Invest. Vol. 84(3):292-299 (March 2004). Formaldehydealso produces cross-linking between nucleic acids and proteins asdescribed in Solomon, M. J., “Formaldehyde-mediated DNA-proteincrosslinking: A probe for in vivo chromatin structures,” Proc. Natl.Acad. Sci. Vol. 82, pp. 6470-6474 (October 1983). As described in Sepp,R., et al. “Rapid techniques for DNA extraction from routinely processedarchival tissue for use in PCR,” J. Clin. Pathol. Vol. 47:318-323(1994), DNA extraction from cells taken from formalin-fixed paraffin waxtypically requires processing steps (e.g. prolonged boiling) that canadversely affect the amount of DNA for amplification. According to Sepp,R., et al. boiling the sample is needed to, among other things,inactivate the proteinase K. Furthermore, proteinase K is inhibited bythe constituents in many fixatives making its direct use of limitedeffectiveness in breaking down protein cross-links.

Therefore, methods and compositions for extracting DNA from tissues andother cells and cell components that overcome the problems ofcross-linking and other undesired modifications to nucleic acid yet donot require prolonged high temperature processing that can adverselyaffect the sample or make the process more expensive and time consumingcontinue to be sought.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A direct chemical lysis composition for combination with a specimenstorage composition includes an assay compatible buffer composition andan assay compatible surfactant. Such compositions prevent undesiredmodifications to nucleic acid lysed from cells in the biological sampleand assays of samples from such compositions do not require expensiveand time-consuming steps such as centrifugation and prolonged hightemperature processing.

The direct chemical lysis composition of the present invention permitsdirect nucleic acid extraction from the cells in the biological samplewithout the need to decant off the cytology media or otherwise exchangethe cytology media with assay compatible buffers. Cell lysis can occurdirectly when the sample is still combined with the direct chemicallysis composition. There is no need to combine the sample withproteinase K or some other enzyme to extract nucleic acids from thecells.

In one embodiment, the direct chemical lysis composition is deployed asan additive to a liquid based cytology (LBC) composition that is usedfor sample dilution, storage, transportation, etc. The direct chemicallysis composition allows for sample lysis as the sample is beingpre-warmed or incubated prior to NA extraction from the sample. Examplesof LBC include, but are not limited to, SurePath LBC and ThinPrepPreservCyt LBC.

In one embodiment, the direct chemical lysis composition for combinationwith a specimen storage composition has an assay compatible buffercomposition and an assay compatible surfactant. In preferredembodiments, the assay compatible buffer composition has a buffercomponent and a metal salt component. In a preferred embodiment, the pHof the direct chemical lysis composition is in the range of about 6.6 toabout 10.

Examples of suitable metal salts include sodium chloride (NaCl),potassium chloride (KCl), sodium acetate (C₂H₃NaO₂) and ammonium sulfate((NH₄)₂SO₄). In the described embodiment, the concentration of the metalsalt in the direct chemical lysis composition is at least about 0.01 M.Preferably the salt is NaCl and the salt concentration is in the rangeof about 0.01 M to about 1 M.

In preferred embodiments, the buffer component concentration is in therange of about 0.2 M to about 2M. Examples of suitable buffer componentsinclude tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and the acid salt oftris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane.

In certain embodiments, the direct chemical lysis composition alsocontains a non-ionic surfactant. Examples of suitable surfactantsinclude polyethylene glycol based non-ionic surfactants such aspolyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether (commercially available as Triton®x-100). Additional examples of suitable non-ionic surfactants includepolysorbate surfactants such as polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitanmonolaurate (known commercially as polysorbate 20 or Tween® 20). BothTween® 20 and Triton® x-100 are commercially available. In preferredembodiments, the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant is in therange of about 0.01 to about 2 percent (v/v).

In certain embodiments, the directed chemical lysis composition alsoincludes glycine.

In one preferred embodiment the direct chemical lysis composition ofclaim 10 wherein the buffer component is the acid salt oftris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and the buffer component concentrationis about 0.75 M, the NaCl concentration is about 0.19 M and thepolyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether concentration is about 0.75percent (v/v).

The present invention also contemplates a method for analyzing samplesstored in a specimen storage composition. In the method, a sample iscombined with a direct chemical lysis composition as described above. Atleast a portion of the sample is removed from the specimen storagecomposition along with at least some of the specimen storagecomposition. The sample combined with the specimen storage compositionis then incubated at a temperature of at least 80° C. for a timesufficient to lyse at least a portion of the cells in the removedportion of the sample. The nucleic acid is extracted from the sample andthen amplified. Extraction can occur using either an automated or amanual process. In certain embodiments the target nucleic acid is eitherRNA or DNA.

In one embodiment the sample is combined with a direct chemical lysiscomposition comprising a) an assay compatible buffer composition; and b)an assay compatible surfactant. At least a portion of the sample isremoved from the specimen storage composition wherein the removedportion also includes the specimen storage composition. The removedportion of the sample is incubated at a temperature that is at least 80°C. for a time sufficient to lyse at least a portion of the cells in theremoved portion of the sample. The nucleic acid is extracted andamplified as described above. In this embodiment the removed portion ofthe sample is not further separated from the specimen storage mediumprior to the steps of lysing and extraction. The extraction steps can beeither manual or automated.

Other embodiments of the present invention include a diagnostic kit forextracting, by direct chemical lysis, nucleic acids from a specimenremoved from a specimen storage composition. The diagnostic kit includesthe direct chemical lysis composition described above. The specimenstorage composition is provided to preserve a tissue sample.

In one embodiment, the diagnostic kit for extracting nucleic acidsincludes a specimen storage composition with a direct chemical lysiscomposition having: a) an assay compatible buffer component; and b) anon-ionic surfactant, wherein the specimen storage is provided topreserve a tissue sample. The assay compatible buffer composition has abuffer component and a metal salt. In one embodiment, the metal salt isNaCl and the concentration of NaCl in the direct chemical lysiscomposition is at least about 0.01 M and the buffer componentconcentration is in the range of about 0.2 M to about 2M. The pH of thedirect chemical lysis composition is in the range of about 7 to about 9and the concentration of the non-ionic surfactant is in the range ofabout 0.01 to about 2 percent (v/v).

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIGS. 1A-D illustrate the effect of pH on the efficiency of oneembodiment of the direct chemical lysis composition.

FIG. 2 illustrates protein biomarker detection from samples lysed usingone embodiment of the direct chemical lysis composition and methoddisclosed herein.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Before explaining at least one embodiment of the invention in detail, itis to be understood that the invention is not limited in its applicationto the details set forth in the following description or exemplified bythe examples. The invention is capable of other embodiments or of beingpracticed or carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understoodthat the phrasing and terminology employed herein is for the purpose ofdescription and should not be regarded as limiting. The following aredefinitions of certain terms used in this specification.

A direct chemical lysis composition is a composition that allows forlysis of the cellular components in the sample for nucleic acid (NA)extraction thereof without the need for intervening steps to separatethe chemical lysis composition from the sample. The direct chemicallysis composition also allows for the assay/detection of other sampleconstituents (e.g. protein biomarkers) without the need to separate thechemical lysis composition from the sample prior to assay/detection ofthose constituents.

Examples of NA are single or double-stranded DNA and RNA. Furtherexamples of NA that can be extracted by the method include not onlygenomic DNA or RNA from animals, plants, bacteria, viruses, fungi andparasitic organisms, but also the DNA or RNA of mitochondria orchloroplasts. Examples of other classes of NA that can be extracted bythe method include not only mRNA, but also transfer RNA, ribosomal RNA,and small nuclear RNA as well as plasmid DNA. DNA and RNA extracted bythe method of the invention may also be either wholly or partiallysingle-stranded or possess other tertiary or quaternary structure. Asample containing NAs is exemplified by viable samples such as leukocytecells, the culture of host cells containing vectors or the like that aretypically prepared by gene recombinant technology, cells infected withviruses or phages, viruses in blood, and the culture of a samplemicroorganism. The culture may contain microorganisms but itssupernatant alone is sufficient. Not only an artificial culture but alsoa naturally occurring culture is applicable. In case of a samplecontaining lumps of microorganism, homogenization or sonication may beperformed as required to achieve good efficiency of extraction.

Alternative sample types include but are not limited to biologicalspecimens for the diagnosis of infectious or non-infectious diseases,environmental specimens, or samples of food or water. The target NA maybe a particular sequence or it may be a class of NA. A class of nucleicacid is, for a particular assay method, those molecules of NA whosechemical, physical or biological properties are such that they can beexpected to be extracted effectively in methods used for NA extraction.Typically, but not necessarily, the NA of a class are all DNA or DNAanalogs or all RNA or RNA analogs. Other targets may be proteinsequences such a protein biomarkers.

Targeted organisms can include but are not limited to Chlamydiatrachomatis, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Human Pappilloma Virus, HumanImmunodeficiency Virus 1/2, Hepatitis C Virus, Hepatitis B Virus, SevereAcute Respiratory Syndrome Virus, Influenza A/B, Herpes Simplex Viruses1-6, Enteroviruses, West Nile Virus, Parainfluenza viruses,Adenoviruses, Respiratory Syncytial Virus A/B, Mycobacteriumparatuberculosis, Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare complex,Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Cytomegalovirus, Group BStreptococcus, Bordetella pertussis, and Bordetella parapertussis.

In one aspect of the invention, the target nucleic acid is a particularRNA or cDNA from one or more of the following sources: bacterialpathogens, bacterial non-pathogens, viral pathogens, viralnon-pathogens, fungal pathogens, fungal non-pathogens, yeast pathogens,yeast non-pathogens, parasitic pathogens, parasitic non-pathogens,plants, animal products, food, total RNA or cDNA within the samplematrix, total prokaryotic RNA or cDNA, total eukaryotic RNA or cDNA, ortotal viral RNA or cDNA.

In another aspect of the invention, the target nucleic acid sought isDNA from one or more of the following sources: bacterial pathogens,bacterial non-pathogens, viral pathogens, viral non-pathogens, fungalpathogens, fungal non-pathogens, yeast pathogens, yeast non-pathogens,parasitic pathogens, parasitic non-pathogens, plants, animal products,food, total DNA within the sample matrix, total genomic prokaryotic DNA,total genomic eukaryotic DNA, or total viral DNA.

In another aspect of the invention, the target is a protein biomarker.

A specimen storage composition is any composition that is used to storeand or transport a biological sample prior to the extraction of nucleicacid from the cellular components in the sample. As noted above,specimen storage compositions include LBC media, paraffin media, etc.

Assay compatible as used herein is any composition that will notsignificantly adversely affect that assay to which the samples (e.g.,extracted nucleic acid/proteins) are subjected. For example, an assaycompatible composition will not modify the extracted nucleic acid in thesample in a manner that will adversely affect the ability of thedownstream assay to detect the nucleic acid or other sample constituentssuch as protein biomarkers.

In one embodiment, the direct chemical lysis composition describedherein has a two component assay compatible buffer composition. Theassay compatible buffer composition will not modify the extractednucleic acid in the sample in a manner that will adversely affect theability of the downstream assay to detect the nucleic acid either byitself or when combined with other constituents of the chemical lysiscomposition or with constituents of the extracted nucleic acid (e.g.remnants of the specimen storage composition). The first component ofthe assay compatible buffer composition is an assay compatible buffer.Such buffers are well known to one skilled in the art and are not listedexhaustively herein. Examples of suitable buffers includetris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and the acid salt oftris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane (Tris HCl herein). The final workingconcentration of the buffer in the direct chemical lysis composition isin range of about 0.2 M to about 2 M. Preferably the concentration ofthe buffer component is about 0.5 M to about 1 M. All concentrationsherein are expressed as final working concentrations (i.e.concentrations at which the direct chemical lysis composition iscombined with the sample).

The second component of the assay compatible buffer is a salt. Examplesof suitable salts include NaCl, KCl, C₂H₃NaO₂ (sodium acetate) and(NH₄)₂SO₄ (ammonium sulfate). In preferred embodiments the salt is ametal salt and, most preferably, NaCl. The concentration of the salt inthe direct chemical lysis composition is in the range of about 0.01 M toabout 1 M. In preferred embodiments, the concentration of the metal saltis about 0.1 M to about 0.5 M and most preferably about 0.1 M to about0.4 M. The salt concentration in a particular direct chemical lysiscomposition depends upon the buffer, pH and surfactants (if any) in thecomposition.

The direct chemical lysis composition also contains an assay compatiblesurfactant. Examples of suitable surfactants include the above-describedTriton® X-100 and Tween® 20 (polysorbate 20). Assay compatible is asdefined above. In a preferred embodiment, the assay compatiblesurfactant is a polyethylene glycol based non-ionic surfactant. Theconcentration of the non-ionic surfactant is in the range of about 0.01to about 2 percent (v/v). In preferred embodiments, the non-ionicsurfactant is polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether. Assay compatiblesurfactants are well known to those skilled in the art and are notdiscussed in detail here.

The direct chemical lysis composition has a pH in the range of about 6.6to about 10. In preferred embodiments the pH is in the range of about 7to about 9.

The direct chemical lysis composition described herein facilitatesnucleic acid extraction from media-fixed samples by reducing thecross-linking that typically occurs between the NA and the mediaconstituents to provide NA that is both extractable and amplifiable. Inone embodiment, a sample is combined with the direct chemical lysis andincubated at a temperature in the range of about 100° C. to about 130°C. and for a time in the range of about 10 minutes to about 30 minutesto chemically lyse at least a portion of the cells and, to the extent NAcross-linking has occurred, de-crosslink the NA. This is followed byextraction of the NA from the sample. In preferred embodiments, the NAis DNA and DNA extraction is accomplished via magnetic separation of theDNA using ferric oxide particles. In preferred embodiments, theextraction protocol is compatible with the BD Viper XTR™ platform. Sucha protocol provides for binding the DNA to the ferric oxide particles,washing the rest of the sample from the particles and eluting the DNAfrom the particles. The extracted DNA is the subjected to a suitableamplification and detection assay (e.g. real time PCR).

In another embodiment, the sample is analyzed for target antigens (e.g.protein biomarkers). Conventional assays for detecting antigensextracted from a sample are well known to one skilled in the art and arenot described in detailed herein. In one example, antibody capturemolecules are used to bind and assay target antigens. Antibody methodsfor such capture are routinely used in a variety of different formats.One of the most commonly practiced techniques is the Enzyme LinkedImmunosorbent Assay (ELISA) which is routinely used in proteindiagnostic applications. A desired characteristic of protein detectionmethods is the ability to both preserve and retrieve antigens from acell such that they can be exposed to the capture antibody and also insome cases retain their native shape and allowconformationally-dependent antibodies to specifically bind to the targetantigen. Another desired characteristic is the ability to permit theselective binding of the correct antibody molecules to the target andallow non-specific interactions to be removed during the wash steps.Protein biomarker detection therefore requires that the assay compatiblebuffer be compatible with and facilitate specific protein bindinginteractions. The direct chemical lysis composition described herein issufficiently strong to lyse the cells, thereby liberating the proteincontents of those cells. The direct chemical lysis composition does notadversely affect the liberated proteins, and protects the proteins fromproteolytic enzymes. Finally, the assay compatible buffer is compatiblewith specific antibody binding and does not interfere with this processdue to denaturing effects, ionic interactions etc.

The following are provided some examples to specifically illustrate theconcepts described above. The following examples are highly specificembodiments of the present invention and are not to be construed aslimiting the invention in any way, except in a manner consistent withthe appended claims.

Example 1 Extraction of HPV DNA from a Patient Sample Stored in SurePathLBC

Two solutions were compared to determine their efficacy as directchemical lysis compositions. The first was a diluent that contained 1MTris-HCl, 0.5M NaCl, 1% Triton X-100 and had a pH of 9.0 (Diluent 1herein). The second diluent contained 330 mM Tris-HCl, 16.67 mM NaCl andhad a pH of 7.8 (Diluent 2 herein). Stock patient-derived cells wereharvested and stored in SurePath LBC for 21 days. Both Diluent 1 andDiluent 2 are embodiments of the direct chemical lysis composition ofthe present invention.

Specifically, stock patient-derived cells were diluted in SurePath LBCat a concentration of about 12,500 cells/ml. Forty-eight sample tubeswere prepared for assay on the Becton Dickinson (BD) Viper™ tool.Twenty-four tubes had 0.85 ml of Diluent 1 and twenty-four had the sameamount of Diluent 2. Diluted patient-derived cells (0.25 ml) were addedinto each of the 48 sample tubes. After combining with the samples, thefinal working buffer concentrations were as follows: i) 0.77M Tris-HCl,0.386M NaCl, 0.77% Triton X-100 (with a pH of approximately 9.0) inDiluent 1; and ii) 0.255M Tris-HCl, 0.0129M NaCl (with a pH ofapproximately 7.8) in Diluent 2.

Eight samples from each group of twenty four were incubated either at i)room temperature, ii) 80° C., or iii) 120° C., all for twenty minutes.The samples were then cooled for twenty-five minutes at roomtemperature. The samples were then subjected to a modified Viper™ XTRDNA extraction protocol using iron oxide (FEO) particles and 0.8 ml ofthe pre-warmed or incubated sample was used for extraction. Theextraction protocol for Viper™ XTR is commercially available and notdescribed in detail herein. To the extent DNA was extracted, DNA for thesample was eluted in 400 μl elution/neutralization buffer. The eluate(20 μl) was mixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix, and 20 copies/reaction ofHPV 18 and HPV 45 plasmid DNA targets were post-spiked into eachreaction for test of PCR inhibition. The real-time PCR assays were usedfor detection of HPV 16, 18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous controlgene HBB. DNA detection was determined by the resulting cycle threshold(Ct) values. The Ct values less than about 30 represent strong positivereactions indicative of abundant target nucleic acid in the samples. Ctvalues of 30-35 represent moderate to low positive reactions indicativeof moderate to low amounts of target nucleic acid in the sample. Ctvalues of 35-45 represent weak reactions that indicate minimal amountsof target nucleic acid in the sample. Ct values above about 45 areexpressed as “No Ct”, indicating that no DNA was being detected.

TABLE 1 Extraction of HPV DNA from Patient Samples stored in SurePathmedia Diluent 2 Diluent 1 RT 80° C. 120° C. RT 80° C. 120° C. HPV16 1 NoCt No Ct 32.57 No Ct 36.97 31.20 2 No Ct No Ct 32.49 No Ct No Ct 30.56 3No Ct No Ct 32.33 No Ct No Ct 30.40 4 No Ct No Ct 32.55 No Ct No Ct30.34 5 No Ct No Ct 32.88 No Ct No Ct 30.65 6 No Ct No Ct 32.57 No Ct36.99 30.54 7 36.73 No Ct 32.35 No Ct No Ct 30.94 8 No Ct No Ct 32.64 NoCt No Ct 30.56 AVG. 32.55 30.65 HPV45 1 33.88 33.08 32.87 32.90 33.4933.37 2 33.61 33.34 32.67 33.86 29.31 33.09 3 33.85 34.38 33.92 33.3932.96 32.80 4 34.14 33.54 33.47 33.46 35.02 33.14 5 34.26 34.11 33.6032.10 34.39 33.64 6 33.18 33.58 33.64 32.98 33.73 33.71 7 33.39 33.3534.08 33.11 32.92 33.18 8 33.44 33.86 34.04 33.60 33.92 32.69 AVG. 33.7233.66 33.54 33.18 33.22 33.20 HBB 1 No Ct No Ct 37.91 No Ct 42.51 34.852 No Ct No Ct 38.68 No Ct 41.67 35.48 3 No Ct No Ct 37.48 No Ct No Ct34.34 4 No Ct No Ct 37.25 No Ct No Ct 34.95 5 No Ct No Ct 37.16 No Ct NoCt 34.9  6 No Ct No Ct 37.88 No Ct No Ct 35.48 7 No Ct No Ct 39.14 No CtNo Ct 35.22 8 No Ct No Ct 36.99 No Ct No Ct 34.99 AVG. 37.80 35.03 HPV181 34.55 34.77 34.78 34.37 34.08 34.03 2 33.73 34.12 34.25 34.60 34.3333.82 3 34.59 33.97 34.00 34.05 33.77 33.44 4 34.47 34.53 33.78 33.7834.68 33.52 5 34.84 34.87 33.86 34.36 34.17 33.41 6 33.99 33.63 34.8233.61 33.86 34.74 7 33.77 34.68 34.00 34.05 33.47 33.42 8 33.84 34.2434.11 34.57 34.79 33.99 AVG. 34.22 34.35 34.20 34.17 34.14 33.80

Incubation in Diluent 1 at 120° C. reduced the Ct value of HPV 16 andHBB by 1.90 and 2.77 respectively when compared with incubation inDiluent 2 at 120° C. Incubation at room temperature or 80° C. in bothdiluents gave no amplification for HPV16 and HBB. The detection ofspiked HPV 45 and HPV 18 confirmed that the assay itself worked but thatHPV16 and HBB were not detected at lower incubation temperatures,indicating that lysis, extraction or detection did not occur in thesesamples.

Example 2 Extraction of HPV DNA from SurePath Using Different Diluentsand Individual Diluent Components

Stock patient-derived cells were diluted in SurePath LBC at 12500cells/ml. Forty-eight BD Viper sample tubes were prepared. There wereeight tubes in each group, with six groups (a-f) total. In each group0.85 ml of one of the following buffers were added:

a. 1M Tris, (pH 9.0) only;

b. 0.5M NaCl;

c. 1% Triton X-100;

d. a+b+c;

Diluted patient cells (0.25 ml) were added to each of the 48 sampletubes. After combining with the samples, the final working bufferconcentrations were as follows: 0.77M Tris-HCl in group a; 0.386M NaClfor group b; 0.77% Triton X-100 in group c; and 0.77M Tris-HCl, 0.386MNaCl, and 0.77% Triton X-100 in group d (the combination of buffers ofa, b, and c). All sample tubes were incubated at 120° C. for 20 min. Thesamples were then cooled for 25 minutes to room temperature. The sampleswere then loaded onto the BD Viper™ XTR tool and 0.8 ml was used forextraction as describe above. DNA was eluted from the samples in 400 μlelution/neutralization buffer. Eluate (20 μl) was mixed with 5 μl of PCRmaster mix. Twenty copies/reaction of HPV 18 and HPV 45 plasmid DNAtargets were post-spiked into each reaction as a control to test of PCRinhibition. The real-time PCR assays were used for detection of HPV 16,18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 2 Extraction of HPV DNA from SurePath LBC media using HPV diluentsand individual component buffer 1M Tris (a) 0.5M NaCl (b) 1% Triton (c)a + b + c HPV16 1 35.27 35.86 34.56 32.43 2 37.07 36.62 36.55 31.03 334.27 No Ct 36.68 31.30 4 34.52 No Ct 35.65 30.95 5 No Ct No Ct 34.3731.62 6 35.90 No Ct 33.71 31.21 7 34.26 No Ct 34.46 31.20 8 34.09 35.6635.12 30.80 AVG. 35.05 36.05 35.14 31.33 HPV45 1 33.47 34.61 34.19 35.222 33.76 34.17 33.90 33.39 3 34.01 33.56 34.01 33.69 4 33.80 31.61 34.2933.98 5 33.01 32.86 33.23 33.57 6 32.59 33.49 33.44 33.43 7 33.37 32.5633.44 33.05 8 32.75 33.25 35.33 33.92 AVG. 33.35 33.26 33.98 33.78 HBB 1No Ct No Ct No Ct 42.35 2 No Ct No Ct 44.25 41.29 3 No Ct No Ct 43.8140.94 4 No Ct No Ct No Ct 40.38 5 No Ct No Ct No Ct 41.67 6 43.34 No Ct42.17 40.63 7 44.52 No Ct 44.87 41.02 8 No Ct No Ct No Ct 40.70 AVG.43.93 43.78 41.12 HPV18 1 34.99 34.94 34.05 34.34 2 33.94 34.56 33.8434.18 3 34.80 34.68 34.65 34.27 4 33.97 34.52 33.80 33.74 5 33.95 35.7533.89 34.25 6 35.17 33.90 34.27 34.35 7 34.39 34.56 34.41 33.64 8 33.8734.94 34.03 34.32 AVG. 34.38 34.73 34.12 34.14

HPV types 16, 18 and 45 were detected using d) above with incubation at120° C. The other individual diluent components (1M Tris, 0.5 M NaCl and1% Triton) did not provide for consistent DNA detection, regardless ofHPV Type. Each individual component contributed to improve DNAextraction. The best result was achieved when components a, b and c werecombined together.

Example 3 Comparison of DNA Extraction from SurePath LBC Using Diluent 1at 120° C. and Diluent 2 with Room Temperature Incubation

Thirty-six SurePath samples were collected and extracted according tothe following two protocols.

1) The no heat experiment. Thirty-six BD Viper™ sample tubes wereprepared by adding 0.85 ml of the Diluent 2 described in Example 1.SurePath clinical sample (0.25 ml) was added into each tube. Aftercombining with the samples, the final working buffer concentrations wereas follows: 0.255M Tris-HCl, 0.0129M NaCl (with a pH of approximately7.8) for Diluent 2. The thirty-six tubes were loaded onto the BD Viper™and 0.8 ml of the sample was used for extraction. DNA was eluted fromthe sample in 400 μl elution/neutralization buffer. The eluate (20 μl)was mixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix. A real-time PCR assay was used todetect for HPV 16, 18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.2) The heat experiment. Thirty-six BD Viper™ sample tubes were preparedto which were added 0.85 ml of the Diluent 1 described in Example 1.SurePath clinical sample (0.25 ml) was added into each tube. Aftercombining the diluent with the samples, the final working bufferconcentrations were as follows: 0.77M Tris-HCl, 0.386M NaCl, and 0.77%Triton X-100 (with a pH of approximately 9.0) in Diluent 1. All sampletubes were incubated at 120° C. for 20 min and then cooled for 25 min toroom temperature. The thirty-six tubes were loaded onto the BD Viper™and 0.8 ml of the sample was used for extraction. DNA was eluted fromthe sample in 400 μl elution/neutralization buffer. The eluate (20 μl)was mixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix. A real-time PCR HPV assays wasused to detect for HPV 16, 18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous controlgene HBB. HPV 45 and HPV 18 were not detected.

TABLE 3 Comparison of DNA Extraction: i) using Diluent 1 with 120° C.incubation; and ii) Diluent 2 at room temperature incubation. HPV16 HBBNo heat Heat No heat Heat ΔCt 1 No Ct No Ct 25.28 23.97 1.31 2 No Ct NoCt 32.25 28.30 3.95 3 No Ct No Ct 31.78 27.92 3.86 4 No Ct 41.33 34.7829.83 4.95 5 No Ct No Ct 34.69 29.74 4.95 6 No Ct 41.09 37.51 31.31 6.207 No Ct No Ct 32.24 26.82 5.42 8 No Ct No Ct 31.93 26.88 5.05 9 No Ct NoCt 31.74 28.88 2.86 10 No Ct No Ct 28.88 25.59 3.29 11 No Ct No Ct 29.4124.93 4.48 12 No Ct No Ct 35.21 29.66 5.55 13 No Ct No Ct 28.54 25.233.31 14 No Ct No Ct 30.66 27.54 3.12 15 No Ct 35.16 32.31 26.86 5.45 16No Ct No Ct 36.29 29.39 6.90 17 25   21.07 32.54 28.00 4.54 18 No Ct NoCt 35.46 29.89 5.57 19 No Ct 34.90 32.18 29.19 2.99 20 No Ct No Ct 28.8324.56 4.27 21 No Ct No Ct 31.64 26.72 4.92 22 No Ct No Ct 28.14 24.403.74 23 No Ct No Ct 26.67 25.68 0.99 24 No Ct 31.33 29.38 25.09 4.29 25No Ct No Ct 32.74 31.56 1.18 26 No Ct No Ct 32.91 26.57 6.34 27 No Ct NoCt 32.96 28.30 4.66 28 No Ct No Ct 35.79 29.64 6.15 29 No Ct No Ct 29.9627.84 2.12 30 No Ct No Ct 32.76 28.77 3.99 31 No Ct No Ct 31.37 24.606.77 32 No Ct No Ct 32.79 29.07 3.72 33 No Ct 42.28 30.9 27.83 3.07 34No Ct No Ct 34.58 30.51 4.07 35 No Ct No Ct 36.73 28.06 8.67 36 36.3632.38 22.78 21.22 1.56

On average, the heated incubation/Diluent 1 protocol shortened, by 4.29Ct, the detection of HBB compared to the protocol using Diluent 2 atroom temperature incubation. Samples that had the Type 16 HPV DNA (allsamples are presumed to have the HBB control DNA whereas not all sampleswill have HPV of one or more types) exhibited detection with shortenedCt values and therefore became more detectable when using the protocolwith heated incubation and Diluent 1 compared with using roomtemperature incubation and Diluent 2.

Example 4 Comparison of DNA Extraction from SurePath and ThinPrepPreservCyt LBC with or without Heat

Stock patient-derived cells were diluted in one of either SurePath orThinPrep negative clinical specimens at 12500 cells/ml. Thirty-two BDViper™ sample tubes were prepared to which were added 0.85 ml ofDiluent 1. SurePath spiked with patient cells (0.25 ml) was added to 16sample tubes and ThinPrep spiked with patient cells (0.25 ml) was addedto the other 16 sample tubes. After combining the diluent with thesamples, the final working buffer concentrations were as stated inExample 1. Eight sample tubes from each group were incubated at roomtemperature and eight were incubated at 120° C. for 20 minutes. Theheated tubes were cooled for 25 minutes to room temperature. The sampletubes were then loaded on the BD Viper™ platform and 0.8 ml of thesamples were used for DNA extraction. The DNA was then eluted in 400 μlelution/neutralization buffer. The eluate (20 μl) was mixed with 5 μl ofPCR master mix. Twenty copies/reaction of HPV 18 and HPV 45 plasmid DNAtargets were post-spiked into each sample for testing the PCRinhibition. The real-time PCR assays were used for detection of HPV 16,18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 4 DNA Extraction from SurePath and ThinPrep PreservCyt LBC with orwithout heat ThinPrep SurePath No Heat Heat No Heat Heat HPV16 Rep 131.24 31.99 No Ct 31.64 2 30.89 31.37 No Ct 31.63 3 30.98 31.66 No Ct32.16 4 31.39 31.58 No Ct 31.71 5 31.02 31.15 No Ct 31.16 6 31.26 31.44No Ct 31.16 7 31.44 31.16 No Ct 31.48 8 31.85 31.33 No Ct 31.58 Avg.31.26 31.46 31.57 HPV45 Rep 1 32.25 32.22 32.67 32.56 2 32.42 32.2432.06 32.89 3 33.2 33.15 32.54 31.91 4 32.13 32.06 32.44 31.97 5 32.4833.03 32.19 32.85 6 31.63 33.36 32.47 32.07 7 33.65 32.17 32.69 31.53 832.43 32.96 32.6 32.2 Avg. 32.52 32.65 32.46 32.25 HBB Rep 1 27.73 27.5233.33 29.02 2 27.99 27.09 33.63 28.88 3 28.08 27.17 33.43 29.25 4 28.2126.89 33.28 28.71 5 28.12 26.98 33.38 28.37 6 27.98 27.04 34.3 28.36 727.99 27.02 34.07 28.29 8 28.43 27.38 33.96 27.84 Avg. 28.07 27.14 33.6728.59 HPV18 Rep 1 33.68 33.94 34.97 33.88 2 33.38 33.86 33.87 33.88 334.32 34.72 34.84 33.58 4 33.35 34.11 34.22 33.81 5 33.89 34.16 34.5533.97 6 33.4 32.88 32.96 33.68 7 34.44 34.2 34.02 33.61 8 33.82 34.133.96 34.83 Avg. 33.79 34.00 34.17 33.91

Incubating the specimens at 120° C. in Diluent 1 significantly shortenedHBB Ct value for both the ThinPrep and SurePath samples. The reduction(compared to the room temperature incubation) was 0.93 Ct for theThinPrep samples and 5.08 Ct for the SurePath samples. Heat had nostatistically significant effect on the detection of HPV16 fromThinPrep, but significantly improved the detection of HPV16 fromSurePath.

Example 5 DNA Extraction from SurePath Using Diluent 1 at Varied pH,Temperature and Time

The incubation protocol at 114° C. for 10 minutes was used inconjunction with Diluent 1 described in Example (i.e. 1M Tris, 0.5M NaCland 1% Triton x100). Samples with different pH's (9.0 and 7.8) were usedand tested at varied incubation temperatures and times. The differentpHs were also evaluated against Diluent 2 of Example 1 (16.67 mM NaCland 330 mM Tris).

Stock patient-derived cells were diluted in SurePath at a concentrationof 12500 cells/ml. Fifty-six sample tubes were prepared for use in BDViper XTR™ Platform. There were eight samples in each of seven groups.Each of the following buffers (0.85 ml) was added into one of the sevengroups group:

a. Diluent 1, pH 9.0 (incubation at 120° C., 20 min)

b. Diluent 1, pH 9.0 (incubation at 120° C., 10 min)

c. Diluent 1, pH 9.0 (incubation at 114° C., 20 min)

d. Diluent 1, pH 9.0 (incubation at 114° C., 10 min)

e. Diluent 1, pH 7.8 (incubation at 120° C., 20 min)

f. Diluent 2, pH 7.8 (incubation at 120° C., 20 min)

g. Diluent 2, pH 9.0 (incubation at 120° C., 20 min)

Aliquots (0.25 ml) of the diluted patient samples were added into eachtube of each group. After combining the diluent with the samples, thefinal working buffer concentrations are as set forth in Example 1. Eachgroup was incubated at its specified temperature and time above. Alltubes were then cooled for 25 minutes to room temperature. The tubeswere than loaded onto the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8 ml was used for DNAextraction from the samples. The DNA was eluted in 400 μlelution/neutralization buffer. The eluate (20 μl) of each was mixed with5 μl of PCR master mix. Twenty copies/reaction of HPV 18 and HPV 45plasmid DNA targets were post-spiked into each reaction to test for PCRinhibition. The real-time PCR assays were used for detection of HPV 16,18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 5 DNA Extraction from SurePath using Diluent 1 with different pHand at different temperature and time Diluent 1 Diluent 1 Diluent 2 120°C. 114° C. 120° C. 120° C. pH 9,20′ pH 9,10′ pH, 9,20′ pH 9,10′ pH7.8,20′ pH 7.8,20′ pH 9,20′ HPV16 1 32.36 33.57 33.4 No Ct 30.79 33.535.21 2 31.29 33.24 33.11 No Ct 30.56 32.79 33.11 3 31.18 33.23 34.0234.84 30.55 33.05 37.78 4 31.31 32.75 32.73 No Ct 30.96 33.48 34.43 532.09 31.98 33.92 34.84 30.58 34.9 35.15 6 31.37 32.68 32.69 No Ct 30.6734.53 34.32 7 30.74 32.31 32.4 No Ct 30.31 34.43 35.81 8 31.91 33.0232.65 36.58 30.85 33.12 No Ct Avg. 31.53 32.85 33.12 35.42 30.66 33.7335.12 HPV45 1 33.2 34.66 34.08 34.1 33.71 34.41 33.97 2 33.35 34.3133.56 33.71 34.03 34.18 34.5 3 34.32 33.32 33.05 34.5 34.47 33.42 34.924 34.56 32.84 33.71 34.28 32.21 33.81 34.09 5 33.22 34.63 34.48 33.4334.61 33.89 33.72 6 34.11 34.8 34.11 33.98 33.47 34.15 33.99 7 34.65 3134.45 34.53 34.12 34.47 33.59 8 34.8 34.38 33.98 33.47 32.24 34.23 34.09Avg. 34.03 33.87 33.93 34.00 33.61 34.07 34.11 HBB 1 32.52 36.54 33.537.33 31.38 33.61 36.89 2 32.27 34.4 34.54 No Ct 31.23 32.89 35.48 331.97 33.51 33.66 36.54 31.23 33.39 36 4 32.42 32.79 33.87 No Ct 31.8334.63 35.84 5 33.12 32.97 32.88 35.12 31.64 35.88 36.94 6 32.86 34.0534.01 No Ct 31.42 36.71 36.63 7 31.79 33.53 33.41 37.14 31.33 34.26 NoCt 8 32.79 34.22 34.13 31.23 31.8 34.41 No Ct Avg. 32.47 34.00 33.7535.47 31.48 34.47 36.30 HPV18 1 32.2 34.35 35.13 34.31 33.57 33.16 34.192 33.16 33.21 32.69 33.33 33.08 34.32 33.96 3 34.08 33.4 33.22 33.133.66 33.29 34.91 4 31.86 33.99 33.92 33.15 34.12 33.72 34.48 5 33.1433.91 33.53 33.36 33.35 32.72 33.18 6 33.46 34.18 33.28 33.27 33.3 33.334.49 7 33.37 33.5 33.39 33.42 33.3 34.92 33.51 8 33.46 34.47 35.0732.68 33.71 34.84 33.35 Avg. 33.09 33.88 33.78 33.33 33.51 33.78 34.01

The incubation protocol (114° C., 10 minutes) did not yield the degreeof detection for HPV 16 that was obtained when the higher heat protocolwas used. However, the same degree of detection was obtained for thespiked HPV 45 and HPV 18, irrespective of the incubation protocol thatwas used. From this it was concluded that the 114° C. protocol provideda lower degree of DNA extraction than the 120° C. incubation protocol.Similarly, incubation at 120° C. for 10 minutes was not as effective forextracting HPV 16 DNA as incubation at 120° C. for 20 minutes.Extraction and detection of HPV 16 DNA using Diluent 1 at pH 7.8 showeda near 1 Ct improvement compared to extraction and detection usingDiluent 1 with a pH 9.0 (for incubation at 120° C. for 20 minutes).Extraction following incubation at 120° C. in Diluent 1 resulted in asignificant reduction in assay variability as measured by the standarddeviation in detected PCR replicates.

Example 6 Effect of pH on Efficacy of Diluent

Stock patient-derived cells were diluted in SurePath LBC media at 12500cells/ml. Forty sample tubes were prepared for the BD Viper XTR™platform. They were separated into five groups. Diluent 1 as describedin Example 1 (0.85 ml) with a different pH was added to the tubes ineach group. The diluents used were:

a. Diluent 1, pH 6.6;

b. Diluent 1, pH 6.7;

c. Diluent 1, pH 7.3;

d. Diluent 1, pH 8.0;

e. Diluent 1, pH 9.0; and

f. Diluent 1, pH 10.0.

The diluted stock patient cells (0.25 ml) were added to each tube ofeach group. Each group was incubated at 120° C. for 20 minutes, and thencooled for 25 minutes to room temperature. The samples were then loadedon the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8 ml of the samples was used for extraction.DNA was eluted from the samples in 400 μl elution/neutralization bufferand the eluate 20 μl was mixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix. Twentycopies of HPV 18 and HPV 45 plasmid DNA targets were post-spiked intoeach sample to test for PCR inhibition. The real-time PCR assays wereused for detecting HPV 16, 18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous controlgene HBB.

TABLE 6 Effect of pH on efficacy of Diluent 1 pH 6.6 pH 6.7 pH 7.3 pH8.0 pH 9.0 pH 10 HPV16 Rep 1 33.64 33.46 31.47 31.21 33.79 35.68 2 34.0634.96 31.67 31.36 31.86 34.32 3 34.58 33.10 32.33 31.70 31.99 36.30 433.66 33.15 32.40 31.49 31.61 35.73 5 33.46 34.90 32.32 31.85 32.0034.36 6 34.41 33.14 32.12 31.61 31.96 34.51 7 34.66 34.93 32.25 31.5832.12 35.15 8 34.15 34.18 32.27 31.57 32.36 35.83 Avg. 34.08 33.98 32.1031.55 32.21 35.24 HPV45 Rep 1 33.78 32.88 33.38 33.28 34.09 33.35 234.56 32.95 34.40 33.41 32.83 33.56 3 34.08 33.69 34.69 32.9 33.41 33.844 33.15 33.45 33.65 34.41 34.11 34.64 5 35.39 33.27 33.59 33.74 33.4533.70 6 33.21 32.51 35.39 33.77 34.14 34.38 7 34.19 32.77 32.93 33.5933.49 33.21 8 34.6 33.92 34.24 33.58 34.29 33.89 Avg. 34.12 33.18 34.0333.59 33.73 33.82 HBB Rep 1 33.21 35.08 33.56 32.84 35.69 38.28 2 35.8235.28 33.79 33.93 34.51 No Ct 3 35.37 34.87 34.25 33.41 34.29 36.61 435.38 35.00 34.23 33.61 34.47 37.64 5 35.64 35.12 34.21 33.96 34.4537.68 6 35.50 36.04 34.15 33.70 34.80 37.98 7 35.58 35.16 34.70 33.3434.53 38.37 8 35.80 36.08 34.42 33.56 35.01 40.15 Avg. 35.66 35.33 34.1633.54 34.72 38.10 HPV18 Rep 1 34.18 33.19 34.10 33.69 34.70 33.59 233.87 33.36 34.28 34.07 34.78 34.36 3 32.54 34.17 34.01 33.42 34.0534.17 4 33.42 34.36 34.77 34.02 31.75 34.96 5 34.5 34.64 34.37 33.9634.51 34.08 6 33.58 33.89 35.73 34.28 33.82 35.70 7 34.22 34.27 34.1634.31 34.49 33.20 8 34.63 34.83 34.11 35.42 34.33 34.55 Avg. 33.87 34.0934.44 34.15 34.05 34.33

Referring to the results in FIGS. 1A-D, the Diluent 1 with a pH in therange of about 7.3-9 provides the best results in terms of the degree ofHPV detection from the sample. This indicates that extraction of DNAfrom the sample is best when the diluent having a pH in this range isused. Since the detection of spiked HPV 18 and 45 was basically the sameat all pH's the improvement in detection of HPV16 and HBB is attributedto better DNA extraction obtained at pH's in range of 7.3 and 9.0.

Example 7 Comparison of DNA Extraction Protocols

Patient-derived cells were harvested and separated into two equalgroups. One-half were stored in ThinPrep and the other half SurePathLBC. Both groups had a concentration of 1.14×10⁷ cells/ml. A stock witha cell concentration 2.5×10⁴ cells/ml was prepared from the 1.14×10⁷cells/ml stock in SurePath media. This stock was used for the followingextraction protocols. All extraction protocols were followed by DNAextraction using the BD Viper XTR™ platform.

In the first protocol, eight 226 μl samples of the SurePath stock werespun for 5 minutes at a force of 13,000 g. The resulting supernatant wasdecanted and resuspended in 1 ml of the Diluent 2 (described inExample 1) that also contained a proteinase K in a concentration of 2mg/ml. The eight samples were transferred into sample tubes for use withthe BD Viper XTR™ platform and incubated at 70° C. for 1 hour. This wasfollowed by extraction on the BD Viper XTR™ platform as described below.

In the second protocol, eight samples (226 μl) of the SurePath stockwere diluted (1:4) by adding to the samples 774 μl of Diluent 2 thatalso contained a proteinase K in a concentration of 2 mg/ml. The eightsamples were transferred into sample tubes for use with the BD ViperXTR™ platform and incubated at 70° C. for 1 hour. This was followed byextraction on the BD Viper XTR™ platform as described below.

In the third protocol, eight samples (250 μl) of the SurePath stock werecombined with 850 μl of the diluent (described in Example 1). The eightsamples were transferred into sample tubes for use with the BD ViperXTR™ platform and incubated at 120° C. for 20 minutes. This was followedby extraction on the BD Viper XTR™ platform as described below.

In the fourth protocol, eight samples (250 μl) of the SurePath stockwere combined with 850 μl of Diluent 1 (described in Example 1). Theeight samples were transferred into sample tubes for use with the BDViper XTR™ platform and incubated at 120° C. for 20 minutes. This wasfollowed by extraction on the BD Viper XTR™ platform as described below.

For a negative control, eight 850 μl aliquots of Diluent 2 were combinedwith 250 μl of clean SurePath media. This was followed by extraction onthe BD Viper XTR™ platform as described below

All samples were loaded on the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8 ml of the sampleswas used for extraction. DNA was eluted from the samples in 400 μlelution/neutralization buffer and the eluate 20 μl was mixed with 5 μlof PCR master mix. The real-time PCR assays were used for detecting HPV16 and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 7 Comparison of the heat treatment and Proteinase K (PK) treatmentProtocol Protocol 1 2 3 4 3 Condition Spin, PK, No Spin, 70° C. in PK,70° C. in 120° C. in 120° C. in Non-target Diluent 2 Diluent 2 Diluent 2Diluent 1 controls Target HBB HPV16 HBB HPV16 HBB HPV16 HBB HPV16 HBBHPV16 Rep 1 31.38 29.49 No Ct 32.85 32.19 29.97 29.94 28.01 No No Ct CtRep 2 31.38 29.48 32.85 31.21 31.30 29.35 29.45 27.75 No No Ct Ct Rep 331.00 28.92 32.26 30.40 31.62 29.88 29.83 27.96 No No Ct Ct Rep 4 30.5528.66 32.39 30.66 31.01 29.02 29.72 27.56 No No Ct Ct Rep 5 30.12 28.3732.16 30.06 31.88 29.61 30.16 28.26 No No Ct Ct Rep 6 30.68 28.86 32.1530.36 31.62 29.49 29.79 27.83 No No Ct Ct Rep 7 31.09 28.9 32.26 30.1531.56 29.51 29.95 28.22 No No Ct Ct Rep 8 30.55 28.66 32.26 30.23 31.6129.32 30.19 28.57 No No Ct Ct Avg. 30.84 28.92 32.33 30.74 31.60 29.5229.88 28.02

Incubation in Diluent 1 at 120° C. yielded the lowest CT values onaverage for HPV 16. This indicates that, of the protocols tested, theincubation in Diluent 1 provided for the best extraction of DNA from thesample. The protocol that used Diluent 2 with incubation at 120° C.yielded a better result than the result from proteinase K incubation at70° C. without spin down. Specifically, Diluent 1 reduced the average Ctvalue of HPV 16 by 0.90, 2.72 and 1.5, respectively, and reduced theaverage Ct value of HBB by 0.97, 2.45 and 1.72, respectively, whencompared with i) proteinase K treatment (following spin down) at 70° C.;ii) proteinase K treatment (No spin down); and iii) incubation at 120°C. in Diluent 2.

Example 8 Extraction from Samples Spiked with Blood

Pooled SurePath and ThinPrep clinical negative specimens were combinedwith whole blood. The samples had 1%, 2%, 5% and 10% (volume of bloodper volume of sample). All samples were incubated at 120° C. in Diluent1 described in Example 1 for 20 minutes. This was followed by extractionon the BD Viper XTR™ platform using the protocol described in theprevious examples. All samples were loaded on the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8ml of the samples was used for extraction. DNA was eluted from thesamples in 400 μl elution/neutralization buffer and the eluate 20 μl wasmixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix. The real-time PCR HPV assay was usedfor detecting human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 8A Effect of Blood on Assay (SurePath) Media SurePath Blood (%) 01 2 5 10 1 28.62 28.66 28.97 38.66 No Ct 2 30.02 28.99 29.34 29.76 28.783 28.63 28.65 28.63 28.73 28.52 4 28.34 28.43 28.81 28.61 28.28 5 27.9228.69 28.90 29.10 28.06 6 28.24 28.97 28.67 28.98 28.64 7 28.08 29.1328.09 28.61 28.76 8 28.48 28.92 29.46 28.15 28.73 Avg. 28.54 28.81 28.8628.83 28.54

TABLE 8B Effect of Blood on Assay (ThinPrep PreservCyt) Media ThinPrepPreservCyt Blood (%) 0 1 2 5 10 1 31.99 30.99 31.16 30.75 30.38 2 32.0831.67 30.28 30.40 29.98 3 31.92 31.62 31.02 30.19 30.34 4 31.65 31.3131.12 30.20 30.16 5 31.55 31.43 30.79 30.10 30.06 6 31.90 31.04 30.6330.14 30.49 7 31.31 31.40 30.53 30.29 29.96 8 31.45 31.34 30.85 29.8429.88 Avg. 31.73 31.35 30.80 30.24 30.16

The assay was not affected by high concentration of whole blood, asubstance often found in LBC specimens and known inhibitor of PCRreactions. This DNA extraction method delivers suitable DNA for PCRamplification even with high concentration of whole blood present in theclinical samples.

Example 9 DNA Extraction from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded TissueSlice

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical biopsy tissue slices wereincubated at 120° C. in 2 ml of Diluent 1 described in Example 1 for 25minutes. The samples were then cooled to room temperature. Aftercooling, the samples were subjected to the previously describedextraction protocol on the BD Viper XTR™ Platform. All samples wereloaded on the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8 ml of the samples was used forextraction. DNA was eluted from the samples in 400 μlelution/neutralization buffer and the eluate 50 μl was added into PCRmaster dry mix. The real-time PCR assays were used for detecting HPVsubtypes 16, 18, 45, 31, 51, 52, 59, (33,58,56,66), (39,68,35) and humanDNA endogenous control gene HBB.

TABLE 9 Viper DNA extraction from Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-EmbeddedTissue slice Pre-Cancer/Cancer Beta Globin Sample ID Pathology GradeResult HPV Result DH0727 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Positive HPV 16 DH0847Squamous Cell Carcinoma Positive HPV 16 DH0848 Poorly differentiatedCarcinoma Positive HPV 18, 52 DH0856 Squamous Cell Carcinoma PositiveHPV 18, 31 DH0867 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive HPV 16(CIN) III DH0869 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive High RiskHPV (CIN) III Negative DH0870 Cervical Intraepithelial NeoplasiaNegative HPV Indeterminate (CIN) III DH0873 Cervical IntraepithelialNeoplasia Positive HPV 16 (CIN) III DH0874 Cervical IntraepithelialNeoplasia Positive HPV 16 (CIN) III DH0880 Cervical IntraepithelialNeoplasia Positive HPV 16 (CIN) III DH0892 Squamous Cell CarcinomaPositive HPV 16 DH0896 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Positive HPV (33, 58, 56,66) DH0898 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Positive HPV 16, 45 DH0900 SquamousCell Carcinoma Positive HPV 45 DH0902 Squamous Cell Carcinoma PositiveHPV 16 DH0903 Squamous Cell Carcinoma Positive HPV 16 DH0904 SquamousCell Carcinoma Positive HPV 16 DH0905 Squamous Cell Carcinoma PositiveHPV 16, 59 DH0910 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive HPV 16(CIN) III DH0911 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive HPV 16(CIN) III DH0914 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive HPV 16(CIN) III DH1408 Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia Positive HPV 16, 59(CIN) III

In 20 of 22 individual samples, some subtype(s) of HPV DNA weresuccessfully detected. The human endogenous beta-globin gene wasdetected in 21 of 22 samples. Real-time PCR and HPV subtype specificprimers and beta-globin specific primers for HBB were used. The betaglobin results indicate that there was no obvious PCR inhibitionassociated with the current DNA extraction method. The failure to detectbeta globin signal in one sample and both beta globin and HPV signal ina second may have been due to lack of sufficient target cells in thesection processed for DNA extraction.

Example 10 Extraction of HPV DNA from Patient-Derived Cells Stored inSurePath and ThinPrep LBC Media Using Diluent 1 for Direct ChemicalLysis

Stock patient-derived cells were diluted in SurePath and Thinprep LBC at5000 cells/ml. Sixteen tubes of each sample type had 0.50 ml of thefollowing diluent: 1.5M Tris, 0.386M NaCl and 1.5% Triton X-100(v/v).The diluent had a pH of 7.9. Diluted patient-derived cells (0.5 ml) inSurePath and ThinPrep were added into each of the sample tubes withdiluent. After combining with the samples, the final working bufferconcentrations were as follows: 0.75M Tris-HCl, 0.193M NaCl, and 0.75%Triton X-100(v/v) (with a pH of approximately 7.9). The combinedsolution was incubated at 120° C. for 20 minutes as direct chemicallysis. Following incubation, the samples were prepared for extraction onthe BD Viper™ XTR platform. The extraction protocol previously describewas used. That is, all samples were loaded on the BD Viper XTR™ and 0.8ml of the samples was used for extraction. Half of the samples were withlysis step during extraction and half of the samples were not. DNA waseluted from the samples in 400 μl elution/neutralization buffer and theeluate 20 μl was mixed with 5 μl of PCR master mix. Twenty copies of HPV18 and HPV 45 plasmid DNA targets were post-spiked into each sample totest for PCR inhibition. The real-time PCR assays were used fordetecting HPV 16, 18 and 45, and human DNA endogenous control gene HBB.The results of the assays are provided below.

TABLE 10 Using pre-warm in diluent as direct chemical lysis followed byDNA Extraction with and without lysis SurePath ThinPrep No Lysis LysisNo Lysis Lysis HPV16 Rep 1 31.77 32.15 31.67 32.06 2 31.83 31.43 32.0431.68 3 31.55 31.95 31.76 31.93 4 31.76 32.35 31.86 32.00 5 32.05 32.1931.67 32.36 6 31.73 32.02 31.46 31.55 7 31.95 31.96 31.64 32.28 8 32.1832.30 31.85 31.41 Avg. 31.85 32.04 31.74 31.94 HPV45 Rep 1.00 33.2632.82 33.12 32.83 2.00 33.10 33.03 32.92 32.61 3.00 32.45 31.90 32.4933.06 4.00 31.89 32.99 32.40 33.17 5.00 33.47 31.92 32.63 32.13 6.0033.38 32.66 32.89 31.66 7.00 32.53 32.32 32.04 32.48 8.00 32.98 32.9532.23 33.47 Avg. 32.88 32.57 32.59 32.69 HBB Rep 1 31.63 32.10 31.5032.11 2 30.37 31.64 31.16 31.67 3 31.57 31.75 31.24 31.93 4 31.69 31.6831.48 31.77 5 31.49 31.99 31.06 31.87 6 32.08 31.15 31.45 31.45 7 31.9531.37 31.50 31.02 8 32.05 32.06 31.94 31.38 Avg. 31.60 31.72 31.42 31.65HPV18 Rep 1.00 33.93 34.21 34.17 33.91 2.00 34.06 33.53 33.41 33.20 3.0033.00 33.05 33.71 33.47 4.00 33.99 33.40 33.64 33.15 5.00 33.77 33.4530.55 33.40 6.00 33.69 29.50 33.40 32.60 7.00 33.23 32.77 33.65 33.628.00 33.57 33.43 33.79 33.58 Avg. 33.66 32.92 33.29 33.37

The DNA yield for both the extracted DNA (i.e. HPV 16 and HBB) and thespiked DNA (i.e. HPV 45 and HPV 18) is about the same for both the lysisand the no lysis during NA extraction (i.e. direct chemical lysis usingone example of the composition and method described herein. This heldtrue for both ThinPrep (TP) and SurePath (SP) media. This indicates thatthe composition and method described herein serves as a direct chemicallysis of the cells in the sample without need of other enzymatic orchemical lysis steps.

Example 11 Viper DNA Extraction Capability from Patient-Derived CellsStored in SurePath LBC Media Using Diluent for Direct Chemical Lysis

C33A cells that had been stored in SurePath LBC for a month were dilutedto 10⁸, 10⁷, 10⁶, 10⁵, 10⁴, 10³, 500, 250, 125, 62.5, 31.25 cells/ml.Four (4) replicates were included in each concentration. 0.25 ml of eachconcentration of SurePath cell stocks (0.25 ml of each concentration)were mixed with 0.75 ml of an HPV diluent (1.0M Tris, 0.257M NaCl, and1.0% Triton X-100(v/v); pH of 7.9). Triton X-100(v/v); pH of 7.9). Afterthe diluent was combined with the samples, the final workingconcentration of the direct chemical lysis composition was 0.75MTris-HCl, 0.193M NaCl, and 0.75% Triton X-100(v/v) (with a pH ofapproximately 7.9). The samples in diluent were pre-warmed at 120° C.for 20 minutes, and then cooled to room temperature. These samples (0.8ml) were extracted using the Viper XTR instrument and eluted in 400 μLfinal volume. DNA eluate (20 μL) was mixed with PCR master-mix (5 μL) inreal-time PCR to quantitate the copy number of extracted HBB DNA.Purified human genomic DNA was added to PCR at 100,000, 10,000, 1000,100, 10, 1 copy/reaction and used for sample DNA quantification.Extraction efficiency was calculated from the ratio of extracted HBBcopies quantitated by real-time PCR and total HBB copies based on theinput cell number.

TABLE 11 Viper DNA extraction capability utilizing direct chemical lysisfollowed by DNA Extraction Input Cell Count Extraction Efficiency 2 ×10⁷ 0.440 2 × 10⁶ 0.322 2 × 10⁵ 0.526 2 × 10⁴ 0.809 2 × 10³ 0.731 2000.967 100 0.499  50 0.656  25 0.614   12.5 0.511    6.25 0.345 Avg.0.584

The extraction capability from the SurePath Media is illustrated inTable 11 using the diluent described above. Table 11 indicates thatdirect chemical lysis followed by DNA extraction yields greater than 6logs of linear dynamic range with an average efficiency of 58% usinghuman cervical carcinoma cell line in SurePath media as a model system.

Example 12 Compatibility of Direct Chemical Lysis HPV Diluent withEnzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA)Protein Bio-Marker Detection

SiHa cells were resuspended at room temperature in HPV diluent at aworking concentration of 6.7×10⁶ cells/ml and were used undiluted andserially two-fold in 1% Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) in phosphate bufferedsaline 0.1% Tween. Target antigen was detected in a standard sandwichenzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Target antigen was bound tothe surface of microwell plates using a primary antibody before beingdetected using a secondary antibody conjugated with Streptavidin andhorseradish peroxidase and a chemiluminescent substrate. FIG. 2 showsresults for each of four target analytes (p16INK4a, HPV16 E1E4, MCM2 andMCM6), where the target antigen was readily detected. Antigen integritywas confirmed by Western immunoblotting for two of the target antigens(MCM2 and MCM6) where both the target proteins were found to be fulllength (approximately 100 Kilodaltons) with no significant degradationproducts (data not shown). These results demonstrate that HPV diluentbuffer is compatible with the recovery and detection of proteinbio-markers and could be used for primary nucleic acid detectionfollowed by or preceded with protein bio-marker detection to furtherimprove or refine disease detection.

All references cited herein are incorporated herein by reference intheir entirety and for purposes to the same extent as if each individualpublication or patent or patent application was specifically andindividually indicated to be incorporated by reference in its entiretyfor all purposes.

Many modifications and variations of this invention can be made withoutdeparting from its spirit and scope, as will be apparent to thoseskilled in the art. The specific embodiments described herein areoffered by way of example only, and the invention is to be limited onlyby the terms of the appended claims along with the full scope ofequivalents to which such claims are entitled.

What is claimed is:
 1. A direct chemical lysis composition forcombination with a specimen storage composition, the direct chemicallysis composition comprising: a) an assay compatible buffer composition;and b) an assay compatible surfactant.
 2. The direct chemical lysiscomposition of claim 1 wherein the assay compatible buffer compositionfurther comprises a buffer component and a metal salt component.
 3. Thedirect chemical lysis composition of claim 2 wherein the pH is in therange of about 6.6 to about
 10. 4. The direct chemical lysis compositionof claim 2 wherein the metal salt component is selected from the groupconsisting of sodium chloride (NaCl), potassium chloride (KCl), sodiumacetate (C₂H₃NaO₂) and ammonium sulfate ((NH₄)₂SO₄) and theconcentration of metal salt in the direct chemical lysis composition isat least about 0.01 M.
 5. The direct chemical lysis composition of claim4 wherein the buffer component concentration is in the range of about0.2 M to about 2M.
 6. The direct chemical lysis composition of claim 5wherein the metal salt component is NaCl and the NaCl concentration isin the range of about 0.01 M to about 1 M.
 7. The direct chemical lysiscomposition of claim 6 wherein the buffer component is selected from thegroup consisting of tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and the acid saltof tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane.
 8. The direct chemical lysiscomposition of claim 7 wherein the non-ionic surfactant is apolyethylene glycol based non-ionic surfactant.
 9. The direct chemicallysis composition of claim 7 wherein the concentration of the non-ionicsurfactant is in the range of about 0.01 to about 2 percent (v/v). 10.The direct chemical lysis composition of claim 9 wherein the non-ionicsurfactant is selected from the group consisting of polyoxyethylene (20)sorbitan monolaurate and polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether.
 11. Thedirect chemical lysis composition of claim 10 wherein the buffercomponent is the acid salt of tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and thebuffer component concentration is about 0.75 M, the NaCl concentrationis about 0.19 M and the polyethylene glycol octylphenyl etherconcentration is about 0.75 percent (v/v).
 12. The direct chemical lysiscomposition of claim 11 further comprising glycine.
 13. A method foranalyzing samples stored in a specimen storage composition comprising:combining the sample with a direct chemical lysis composition comprisinga) an assay compatible buffer composition; and b) an assay compatiblesurfactant; removing at least a portion of the sample from the specimenstorage composition wherein the removed portion also includes thespecimen storage composition; incubating the removed portion of thesample at a temperature that is at least 80° C. for a time sufficient tolyse at least a portion of the cells in the removed portion of thesample; extracting the target from the removed portion of the sample;and assaying the target in the removed portion of the sample.
 14. Themethod of claim 13 wherein the target is a target nucleic acid and theassay is an amplification assay for the target nucleic acid.
 15. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the target nucleic acid is DNA.
 16. Themethod of claim 14 wherein the target nucleic acid is RNA.
 17. Themethod of claim 13 wherein the sample is a blood sample.
 18. The methodof claim 13 wherein the sample is cells selected from the groupconsisting of vaginal cells, cervical cells, endocervical cells, analcells, exfoliated cells, oral cells, throat cells and peritoneal cells.19. The method of claim 18 wherein the cells are collected by a swab,brush, broom, or biopsy.
 20. The method of claim 13 wherein the specimenstorage composition has at least one constituent selected from the groupconsisting of formaldehyde, formic acid, methanol, ethanol, bufferedformalin, EDTA, polypeptides, poly amino acids, and polysaccharides. 21.The method of claim 20 wherein the transport medium comprises bufferedformalin.
 22. The method of claim 13 wherein the removed portion of thesample is not further separated from the specimen storage medium priorto the steps of lysing and extraction.
 23. The method of claim 13wherein the pH of the direct chemical lysis composition is in the rangeof about 6.6 to about
 10. 24. The method of claim 13 wherein the assaycompatible buffer composition comprises a buffer component and a metalsalt.
 25. The method of claim 22 where the metal salt is NaCl and theconcentration of NaCl in the direct chemical lysis composition is atleast about 0.01 M.
 26. The method of claim 25 wherein the buffercomponent concentration is in the range of about 0.2 M to about 2M. 27.The method of claim 26 wherein the NaCl concentration is in the range ofabout 0.01 M to about 1 M.
 28. The method of claim 13 wherein theconcentration of the non-ionic surfactant is in the range of about 0.01to about 2 percent (v/v).
 29. The method of claim 26 wherein the buffercomponent is the acid salt of tris(hydroxymethyl)amino methane and thebuffer concentration is about 0.75 M, the NaCl concentration is about0.19 M and the polyethylene glycol octylphenyl ether concentration isabout 0.75 percent (v/v).
 30. The method of claim 13 wherein the step ofextracting is performed by a manual process.
 31. The method of claim 14wherein the step of amplifying step is performed by a manual process.32. The method of claim 14 wherein the step of extracting and amplifyingsteps are performed in an automated process.
 33. The method of claim 13wherein the target is a protein and the assay is a detection assay forthe protein.
 34. The method of claim 33 wherein the protein is abiomarker.
 35. The method of claim 34 wherein the biomarker is selectedfrom the group consisting of antibodies and antigens.
 36. The method ofclaim 33 wherein the assay is an Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay(ELISA).
 37. A diagnostic kit for extracting target molecules fromcellular components comprising a specimen storage composition with adirect chemical lysis composition comprising a) an assay compatiblebuffer component; and b) a non-ionic surfactant, wherein the specimenstorage is provided to preserve a tissue sample.
 38. The diagnostic kitof claim 37 wherein the assay compatible buffer composition comprises abuffer component and a metal salt.
 39. The diagnostic kit of claim 38wherein the metal salt is NaCl and the concentration of NaCl in thedirect chemical lysis composition is at least about 0.01 M.
 40. Thediagnostic kit of claim 37 wherein the buffer component concentration isin the range of about 0.2 M to about 2M.
 41. The diagnostic kit of claim40 wherein the direct chemical lysis composition has a pH in the rangeof about 7 to about
 9. 42. The diagnostic kit of claim 40 wherein theconcentration of the non-ionic surfactant is in the range of about 0.01to about 2 percent (v/v).